What is the Difference between Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Normans?

Anglo-Norman was from Normandy in northern France. They came to England after defeating the Saxons king Harold Godwinson. they were fearless, bold and wild people. The English were a mixture of Anglo-Saxons, Celts, Danes and Normans. Anglo-Saxons gradually merged with Norman French to form a language called "Middle English" (Chaucer, etc.), and it evolved into modern English. Anglo-Saxons were fighter people or we can say warriors who wanted to live with their fighting skills and to make it their strength.

How the culture and language evolve?

Anglo-Saxon refers to the language and culture that grew up in England as a descendant of the German invaders after their withdrawal from Rome.

Who were the Danes and Vikings?

The one who attacked anglo Saxon and establish their rule for some time in England.

Norman Conquest ,Anglo-Norman period-

 Norman Conquest summary

Norman Invasion 1066

Impact of the Norman Conquest on the English Language

After the defeat of Anglo Saxons, Anglo-Normans occupied England.  Their rough timeline is between 1066----1500. But before settling in England, Normans attacked France and took them hostage. French people quietly gave their northern areas then after Norman people took advantage and married their ladies.

Normans were robbers. They had lived for a specific time in France and in this way Normans brought French language, culture, civilization and strength there. Normans were fearless people. Normans were brave and wild.

Normans ruled from 1066 in England.

Language

In Norman’s era old English lost its place but not completely but mixed with the French language and called Anglo-Normans language.

Why do we call this era Anglo-Norman?

The people who conquered England around 1066---1500  was the residents of Normandy France and Anglo stands for England that is why they were called Anglo-Normans.

What does Norman mean?

Norman means North man.

Anglo-Norman brought the French period with them.

Which time is called early middle age?

The age between 1066---1500 or the Anglo-Norman period.

This is a period is called early middle age but before the time of Chaucer.

Characteristics of Norman people

·        They were brave.

·        Fearless

·        Physically Strong

·        Powerful people

·        Fighting was their instinct.

The end of old English

From 1066----1200 old English was losing its place.

The French language was officially used.

But English remained the language of common people as the mixed version of old English and French.

This language when mixed it became the language of Anglo-Normans.

Which universities were established in 1066—1200?

Cambridge University and Oxford University.

London became the writing hub.

There was no trend of printing in Anglo-Normans time and only manuscripts were found.

In 1200 Middle English language was formed and it is called “in-between language” by historians.

This language was different from the modern language and old language. The new formation of language was as new as the language itself.

Works

·        Romance literature   (soldier love for country)

·        In around 1300 a man named “Brut” did poetry in English as a layman’s difficult poet.

What does chronicle mean?

It tells about the history of England. This is also called 1^st historiography in English of England.

Famous works

·        King Arthur and his knights

·        Cursor Mundy (religious poem)

·        Clean and patience

At this time Catholic Church was powerful and the poets avoid writing their names next or before their works.

 

 

 

 

 

   

The Natural History Museum's ice rink

 The Natural History Museum's ice rink 2021

The Dreamy Ice Rink at the Natural History Museum has returned for it. The natural history museum ice rink opens for the festive season on October 22 - but it will work for the last time.

A festive on the Hawaiian calendar, the rink invites people to skate around a 30-foot Christmas tree, with the Gothic restoration of the Alfred Water-house Museum building in the backdrop and the general wave of mild wine.

The nervous skaters will also be taught and a penguin scat club for children will also be open to enjoy.

Since opening in 2005, the rink has become a major Christmas –themed site in London, but now the museum is transforming its five-acre outdoor space into a biologically diverse green space as part of its urban nature project. This means that after the rink closes in January, it is not coming back. It is better to run your own skates.

In 2023 new gardens are in plan to establish.

Natural history museum ice rink, October 22, 2021-16 January 2022.at 11.50 for adults and for children.

 

Anglo- Saxons brief history

Anglo- Saxons/ Saxon

This article is about Anglo- Saxon history , important works and the history before the origin of  Anglo- Saxon tribe.

 To know anything in English literature we should know its historical background or timeline first.

 

Who was there in England before Anglo-Saxons? 

• Romans
• Angles, Saxons and jute's 

These were three tribes invited by Celts.

 

Who were Celts?

Celts were also an old tribe of (Briton) England and also known as Britons who invited Angles, Saxons and Jutes when Pict's was attacking them.

 

Celts are the 1st resident of (Britons).

 

Romans (43 to 410 AD) came there with Julius Caesar who did a lot of attacks on Briton. Romans ruled in Briton for a long time and brought Christianity with them.

 

At this time this place was known as Briton, after that it became England. When the roman came there Pict's was continuously attacking Britons.

Pict's was a wild Scottish tribe.

 

 Roman’s decided to make a wall called “Hadrian’s Wall” to escape from the Pict's attacks.

 Their language was Latin.

 

·        Honorius was the king of Romans and he asked the Romans to defend themselves from the attacks after that we will leave Briton and go back to Rome. That is how they had withdrawn from Briton.

 

Now picts was continuously attacking and disturbing Celt’s tribe so they decided to seek help from three tribes named as;

·        Angles, Saxons and Jutes 

 

These tribes came there from northern Germany and southern Scandinavia by the way of the sea to England.

·        They had been called there for help in 5th AD. Angles and Saxons are going to be ruled there for about 600 years. The Jutes tribe had withdrawn from there eventually.

All this history had been written in the book named “Ecclesiastical history of English people” by a Christian historian named “Bede”.

Bede also informed that the word England was squeezed from the word Anglo.

This is how the word England was invented.

 

Now the question arises that from these three tribes came?

• Angles came from Germany 
• Saxons came from Saxony place
• Jutes came from Denmark

These tribes came to Briton for help  but  Angles and Saxons occupied the whole country in 5th AD.

 

At this time no work was written or published but there was a kind of literature known as oral literature.

 When Anglo Saxons learned to write, they borrowed words from Romans and did work name as: 

• Riddle, Sermons, Hagiography (knowledge about the life of Saints) and epic poetry. 

 

Bible was translated; chronicles (historical background) were written but 400 manuscripts were survived.

 

The best writing of this era:

Widsith

It is an old work or poem that tells about the Germanic world and the autobiography of the scoop.

 

Beowulf 

It is a masterpiece poem that is followed from this period to up till now. This poem consists of 3142 lines. Beowulf is considered a national epic long narrative poem.

 

 Codex

It is an alliterative poem. This Anglo Saxon period is best known for alliterative work. The use of alliteration was more in this period.

 

Doer 

This poem was about 42 lines. This poem is a complaint of a minstrel who has been supplanted by a rival from his services.

 

Important religious poets

• Caedmon (a monk, cattle holder, wrote 9 lines hymns and songs) 
• Cynwulf (man of church) 
• Bede (restored the English language)

At this time “Alfred the great” was the king of “Wessex”.

 

Characteristics of Anglo-Saxon’s poetry

• Heroic poetry (Beowulf )
• Personal poetry
• Chronicles
• Religious poetry
• Love poetry
• Sermons
• Riddle poems
• Elegy 
• Wisdom

Alfred the great also wrote a few works.

 

Use of some literary terms

• Alliteration
• Simile
• Metaphor
• Prose

The work of prose was done more.

Bible was translated from Latin to old English.

 

Conclusion

William 1st in 1066 AD brought with him 7000 soldiers and ships to the Briton. Saxon’s king Harold Godwinson was defeated by king William the conqueror at the battle of Hastings he died in battle and William 1st occupied England.

After that Normans came there who brought with them the France language “French”. The old English came to its end somehow but probably the languages might have mixed.

 

 

beautiful gold jewelry designs

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Bangle design

 

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Peer e Kamil Novel By Umera Ahmed in Urdu

 peer e Kamil novel summary in Urdu

Peer e Kamil Novel By Umera Ahmed

کہانی کا مرکزی کردار امامہ ہاشم اسلام آباد میں رہنے والے ایک بااثر احمدیہ مسلم خاندان سے تعلق رکھتا ہے۔ اس نے اپنے دوستوں سے متاثر ہونے کے بعد سنی اسلام قبول کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا۔ وہ اپنے سینئر شبیحہ کے لیکچرز میں اپنے خاندان اور اپنے روم میٹ ، جویریہ اور رابعہ سے شرکت کرتی ہے۔ لاہور کے ایک میڈیکل سکول میں پڑھتے ہوئے وہ اپنی دوست زینب کے بڑے بھائی ڈاکٹر جلال انصار سے پیار کرتی ہے۔ لیکن امامہ کے خاندان نے اسے اپنے پہلے کزن اسجد سے شادی کرنے پر مجبور کرنے کی کوشش کی ، جو اس کے لیے ناقابل قبول ہے ، اس کے والدین نے اسے گراؤنڈ کر کے اس کا موبائل فون چھین لیا۔
 
امامہ سالار سے مدد مانگتی ہے جس سے وہ مخالف ہے کیونکہ وہ ایک مذہبی لڑکی ہے اور سالار نہیں ہے۔ وہ ایک امیر لڑکا ہے جس کا آئی کیو لیول 150 سے اوپر ہے۔ امامہ جلال سے شادی کرنا چاہتی ہے ، لیکن سالار اس سے جھوٹ بولتا ہے کہ جلال نے کسی اور سے شادی کی ہے۔ امامہ اداس ہے اور سالار سے کہتی ہے کہ اس سے شادی کر لے تاکہ اس کا خاندان اسے زبردستی نہ کر سکے۔ سالار اس کی مدد کرتا ہے اور اس سے شادی کرتا ہے لیکن جلد ہی اس سے رابطہ ختم ہو جاتا ہے۔
 
امامہ کو سبط علی اور اس کے خاندان کے تحت ایک پناہ گاہ مل گئی۔ وہ اپنا نام تبدیل کرتی ہے اور اپنی تعلیم مکمل کرتی ہے اور لاہور میں ایک دوا ساز کمپنی میں کام کرنا شروع کر دیتی ہے۔ وہ سالار سے نفرت کرتی ہے کیونکہ اس نے اس سے طلاق دینے سے انکار کردیا جیسا کہ اس نے وعدہ کیا تھا۔
 
سالار بعد میں تعلیم کے لیے نیو ہیون کا سفر کرتا ہے ، پھر وہ لاہور میں مستقل طور پر آباد ہونے سے پہلے کچھ عرصہ اقوام متحدہ کے لیے کام کرتا ہے۔ سالار بالآخر اپنے طریقوں کی غلطیوں کو دیکھتا ہے اور اچھائی کے لیے تبدیل ہوتا ہے۔ بعد میں ، منظر کعبہ کے قریب بدل گیا ، جہاں سالار اور امامہ مل کر خدا کی عبادت کر رہے ہیں۔ سالار کو احساس ہوا کہ خدا نے اسے ایک مبارک عورت دی ہے جو اس کی ساتھی ہے ، اور اس کی حفاظت کا عہد کرتی ہے۔
 
 

Health Tips , 10 Healthy eating Tips

 

Health tips

Do eat a healthy diet

A healthy diet means all the quality food which may fight against all malnutrition in your body in its all forms and make your body resistant to all kinds of diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke and cancer. Unhealthy and unhygienic food practices are becoming a global issue and to avoid these malpractices, let's eat healthy food for a healthy mind and healthy body. 

Eat salt and sugar in less amount

Stop eating junk food

Avoid alcohol consumption or any other drug

 Do Regular exercise &be active and smart

Regular medical check-up

Get vaccination on time

Drink a proper amount of clean water

Cook the food thoroughly

keep your surroundings clean

Health is wealth.  If you wanted to remain happy and wealthy then maintain your health properly by the above mentioned chart.

 

what is Littering ?

  Littering  Causes, Reasons, Problems with Possible Solution of Littering

Causes, Reasons, Problems with Possible Solution of Littering

Littering, the question comes that what actually the littering is?

Littering is  trash in small amounts thrown around the street and various places which contains:

Food remains

Plastic bottles

Cigarette butts

Waste

Food wrappers

&such kind of material that spreads littering with unhealthy practice and environment.

Causes of Littering:

The trash and junk present around the street, roadside and other public places encourage others to throw more rubbish there. This malpractice cause piles of trash there.

Disobeying laws also cause littering problems.

Laziness and irresponsibility's

By not following public cleanliness orders

Having no trash containers

By not controlling trash spread, throwing trash out of the house

Having no or less environmental education

Littering is a genuine problem

It can be harmful to people physically

It can be the source of disease spreading

It can become a pollutant to the

Earthly environment

For water

For soil pollution

For the air pollution because more than 40% of waste or trash is burned openly

 Which releases toxic and unhygienic gasses?

Devastation of wildlife

Solutions to stop Littering

By giving public awareness

It can be controlled by proper anti-littering campaigns

By putting dust bins, trash carts and waste buckets around every public and private place

By not throwing waste like food wrappers, water bottles or any other kind of waste out of the house or out of the waste carts or bins.

Proper get on of municipal cooperation

Disposing of public waste at the proper time

It can also be controlled by using litter bags and throwing them out of the public or rushed place or can say on a right place where municipal people come and carry away trash on right time.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shakespeare Biography

William Shakespeare 

                                                                          was a famous playwright, actor and English poet. 

William Shakespeare was born on 26 April 1564 at Stratford-upon- Avon. Shakespeare’s work:

 38 or 39 plays

 2 narrative poems 

154 sonnets & countless poems.

 His early plays were comedies and histories.

 Then he wrote tragedy plays like:

 Hamlet 

Romeo & Juliet 

King Lear

 Macbeth 

Othello

 After that, he also wrote tragic comedies in form of romances and worked with other playwrights in collaboration.

Quotations

Quotation

 He was considered a 16th-century male actor.

 He was a renaissance dramatist. 

He has done remarkable work for his time.

 Even after his death, he is known as the same as he was known in his time. 

He died on 23 April 1616 at Warwickshire.